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Income Tax Calculator

Estimate your 2025 federal income tax by filing status — with your effective rate, marginal rate, and exactly how much falls in each bracket.

InputsTY-2025
$
$
$
Federal tax owed13.4% effective
$13,449/yr
10% on $11,925$1,193
12% on $36,550$4,386
22% on $35,775$7,871
taxable income
$84,250
marginal rate
22.0%
after tax
$86,551

How federal income tax is calculated

The U.S. uses a progressive system: income is sliced into brackets and each slice is taxed at its own rate. First we subtract your deduction (standard or itemized) and any pre-tax adjustments to get taxable income, then apply the 2025 brackets slice by slice.

tax = Σ (income in each bracket × that bracket's rate)

Your effective rate is the total divided by your gross income — always lower than the marginal rate on your last dollar. This tool covers federal tax only; FICA and state tax are handled by the paycheck calculator.

Common questions

What's the difference between marginal and effective rate?
Your marginal rate is the rate on your last dollar of income — the top bracket you reach. Your effective rate is total tax ÷ total income, which is always lower because the early brackets are taxed at lower rates.
Should I take the standard deduction or itemize?
Take whichever is larger. The 2025 standard deduction is $15,750 (single), $31,500 (married filing jointly), or $23,625 (head of household) — amounts raised retroactively by the 2025 tax law. Enter an itemized total above and the calculator uses the larger of the two automatically.
Does this include state income tax?
No — this tool computes federal tax only. State income tax varies widely (and some states have none). State-specific versions are on the way.
Is this the 2025 or 2026 tax year?
These are the 2025 tax-year brackets and deductions (the return you file in early 2026), from IRS Rev. Proc. 2024-40.

How we calculate this

2025 federal brackets and standard deductions from IRS Rev. Proc. 2024-40, applied marginally. Estimates only — not tax advice.

Full methodology & sources →
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Estimates are for general informational purposes only and do not constitute tax advice. Actual tax depends on credits, additional income, and circumstances not modeled here. Consult a licensed tax professional.